The Cost of Colonoscopy: Insurance, Anesthesia, And More

Colonoscopy Anesthesia: Types, Levels, and Possible Side Effects

Undergoing a colonoscopy can be a nerve-wracking affair. It’s common knowledge that colonoscopies can be uncomfortable, especially for first-timers. This makes a lot of people averse to getting screened, even though they are at high-risk for colon cancer.

In reality, not all colonoscopies have to be uncomfortable. Your level and type of sedation or anesthesia is an important choice to make, and can define your colonoscopy experience, the recovery, and side effects afterwards. Understanding the specifics of anesthesia for colonoscopy is crucial towards making the right choice for yourself.

What is a Colonoscopy?

A colonoscopy is a medical procedure that involves a colonoscope, a medical device that consists of a small camera and light mounted on a thin, flexible tube. The tube is inserted into the patient’s rectum and pushed up into the large intestine, also known as the colon.

The procedure is invasive in nature. In some cases, doctors introduce air into the colon to gently inflate it, allowing them to see better. Patients may experience discomfort after the exam because of this.

The minor inconvenience posed by colonoscopies are mitigated when its benefits are considered. This procedure can save a patient’s life by effectively detecting and removing polyps, which increases your chances of preventing or even surviving colon cancer.

Why Do Patients Need a Colonoscopy?

Patients are recommended to get a colonoscopy if they are experiencing symptoms such as:

• Blood coming from the anus
• Unusual and extreme bowel activity changes
• Unexplained sudden weight loss
• Chronic abdominal pain

These symptoms can be signs of colon and colorectal cancer, which can develop in patients who have some or all of the following risk factors:

• Male
• A family history of polyps or colon cancer
• African American
• Have a history of digestive conditions, such as inflammatory bowel disease
• Obese
• Cigarette smoker
• 50 years of age or older

While many people associate colon cancer with patients 50 years and above, colon cancer can actually develop at any age. If doctors observe symptoms similar to those listed above, you may be recommended for a colonoscopy regardless of your age.

Colonoscopy and Anesthesia: Everything You Need To Know

As a patient, you have the right to decide on the level of sedation and the type of anesthesia for your colonoscopy, so it is important for you to understand the varying levels of colonoscopy sedation and what anesthesia colonoscopy can do to your body.

Levels of Colonoscopy Sedation

Firstly, it is important to be aware of the different levels of sedation that you can be under while undergoing a colonoscopy.

• No Sedation: No medications or anesthesia is used in these cases. A very small number of patients choose to have zero sedation during a colonoscopy.

• Light: Light sedation is enough to make a patient slightly sleepy, however you should experience no changes to your motor functions, your cardiovascular function, or your general breathing. Patients under light sedation are mostly conscious, and can feel some levels of pain and respond to questions.

• Moderate: Also known as Conscious Sedation, moderate sedation is slightly more powerful than light sedation. The patient should still have the consciousness to feel physical stimulation and respond to doctors verbally.

There is a very low risk of any interference with the body’s cardiovascular function. However, one noteworthy effect is the lack of memory: patients under moderate sedation generally have little to no memory of it.

• Deep: Patients under deep sedation will have zero recollection of the procedure. This is riskier for patients who might have breathing or cardiovascular problems, as there is a risk of breathing being impaired while under deep sedation.

• General Anesthesia: It is very rare for a patient to go under general anesthesia for a colonoscopy, however it can happen under special circumstances or if requested. Patients will have no painful sensations during general anesthesia, however a tube will be placed over their lungs to assist with breathing.

Many patients generally ask to be unconscious for a colonoscopy, but after they are informed of the potential risks of general anesthesia, patients generally opt for a lower level of sedation instead.

Sedation Levels: Which to Choose?

Every level of sedation has their own set of advantages and disadvantages. Here are the different experiences you may undergo with each level of sedation:

Sedation Levels

No Sedation – Best For No Downtime: While not many patients choose to undergo a colonoscopy without any sedation, patients who do choose this path have the quickest recovery after the procedure. They have very little recovery time and can operate at normal levels immediately afterwards.

They also do not have to worry about possible anesthesia-related complications. If you decide to undergo a no sedation colonoscopy, discuss this possibility with your doctor and make sure that they have done unsedated colonoscopies in the past.

Light Sedation – Not Recommended: A rare choice of sedation level, as it carries the risk of anesthesia complications without offering many of the benefits of sedation. Patients will not be able to participate in daily activities until at least the day after their procedure.

Moderate Sedation – Reliable Choice: The most common sedation level with the colonoscopy procedure. Here, patients are generally given fentanyl (a pain killer) and midazolam (a sedative, mild). To make sure that the patient has the right amount of sedation, a nurse and doctor should monitor the patient during the entire procedure and sedation duration.

Deep Sedation – Requires Anesthesiologist: Deep sedation can also be referred to as MAC, or Monitored Anesthesia Care. Propofol is the top choice of sedation for this sedation level, and it is administered by an anesthesiologist as well as your doctor and nurse.

General Anesthesia – Rare: Very rarely used for colonoscopy, and is only recommended for patients who have issues with their lungs or will experience longer examinations.

The Colonoscopy Patient Anesthesia Experience

Your experience of anesthesia and sedation during a colonoscopy will depend on the type of anesthesia you choose, however you can expect a general experience if you choose moderate sedation or deep sedation, in which an anesthesiologist is present.

Prior to your procedure, your doctor should prepare you with instructions for the days leading up to your colonoscopy. These are meant to make sure that your colon is empty. For anesthesia, it is best that a patient avoids drinking clear liquids for two hours before the examination, and avoids eating any food for eight hours before it.

When you come in for your colonoscopy, a nurse and an anesthesiologist will discuss with you your vital signs, medical history, and any potential problems you might have with the anesthesia. If you have serious potential problems, you will be recommended to take conscious sedation instead of heavier sedation levels.

Patients with no problems with their blood pressure or heart will have an intravenous drip attached to their arm. In about five minutes, the patient should be unconscious from the anesthesia. Patients are generally surprised to wake up later and find out that the procedure is done.

FAQ – Colonoscopy and Anesthesia

What kind of anesthesia is used for colonoscopy? Is colonoscopy done under general anesthesia?

This depends on the type of anesthesia or sedation level the patient chooses. Generally, the sedative agents for colonoscopy include Propofol, midazolam, and fentanyl.

How long does colonoscopy anesthesia last?

After a colonoscopy, a patient can expect to stay at the hospital or a recovery room for up to two hours after the examination. However, a patient will not be fully recovered from the anesthesia until up to 48 hours after the procedure.

How painful is a colonoscopy without sedation?

While many patients are fearful of the idea of undergoing a colonoscopy without sedation, several studies have found that it isn’t as painful as many believe. In one study, 73% of patients who were given an unsedated colonoscopy were willing to do it again.

How long does a colonoscopy with anesthesia take?

The entire colonoscopy procedure should take anywhere from 30 minutes to an hour.

Why is an anesthesiologist necessary for anesthesia?

When dealing with Propofol, the main sedative for colonoscopy anesthesia, the Food and Drug Administration has made it a requirement that a nurse anesthetist or anesthesiologist must be present during drug administration. This is because Propofol can lead to apnea and other side effects.

Possible Side Effects of Colonoscopy Anesthesia

Anesthesia with colonoscopy has become a topic for debate in the medical community due to the possible side effects, risks, and complications experienced by patients even at the conscious sedation levels. These side effects include:

Respiratory Depression: Respiratory depression is the condition that occurs when a patient experiences fewer than 12 breaths every minute. Their breaths become ineffective, slow, and shallow, due to the strength of the sedative in slowing down the brain signals that deal with breathing. The mild anesthesia popular with colonoscopy examinations has been found to occasionally affect the respiratory drive.

Bradycardia: Bradycardia, or slow heart rate, can be caused by the effects of anesthesia on the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is responsible for body functions such as the heart rate, and bradycardia can be potentially dangerous to some patients with weaker hearts.

Hypotension: Hypotension, or low blood pressure, leads to dizziness, fatigue, and overall feelings of exhaustion. Anesthesia in colonoscopies has been found to lead to hypotension, which is why anesthesiologists should first check patients who regularly take medication for their blood pressure.

Vomiting, Nausea: Vomiting and nausea are common side effects of pain relievers and sedatives. This is why patients are prohibited from eating or drinking for several hours prior to a colonoscopy.

Colonoscopy With Anesthesia: Is It Necessary?

More patients are considering alternative options before undergoing a full anesthesia for a colonoscopy. Is full anesthesia right for you, with costs, pain, and alternative treatment options considered?

1) Anesthesiologists Might Not Be Covered By Insurance

The costs associated with anesthesia can sometimes be much more than most patients would expect. The main issue is that anesthesiologists are often not covered by general health insurance plans, meaning patients have to pay out of pocket for a simple anesthetic.

Some gastroenterologists also recommend that patients undergo full anesthesia for a colonoscopy, however there is little scientific evidence showing that it is necessary. In many cases, patients might prefer to forego anesthesia altogether after finding out how much it will cost.

2) Not As Painful As You Might Think

Many studies have found that the pain of an unsedated colonoscopy is actually within the pain threshold of most patients. While the sensation may be an unusual and uncomfortable sensation, a majority of patients studied by researchers claimed that they would undergo the procedure without sedation again.

3) Alternative Tests

For patients who are adamant against the colonoscopy procedure and dealing with anesthesia, there are a few alternative tests they may consider. The best alternatives to colonoscopy include:

• Fecal occult blood test (FOBT): The FOBT is a test that inspects an individual’s stool samples. The doctors search for any signs of hidden or occult blood, which could potentially indicate a presence of polyps in the rectum or colon, or colon cancer itself.

• Virtual colonoscopy: Also known as computerized tomography colonography, a virtual colonoscopy involves x-ray machinery to create a visualization of a patient’s colon and rectum, allowing doctors to search for any polyps and other signs of cancer. Virtual colonoscopies are also used when doctors believe that a colonoscopy was incomplete or ineffective, and seek more information on the patient’s colon.

While alternative tests can be easier on the patient, note that they are not as effective as colonoscopy. Additionally, alternative tests may be able to identify and locate polyps and colon cancer, but a colonoscopy will still be necessary afterwards for the actual removal.

Learn More About Colonoscopy Anesthesia

For individuals interested in learning more about colonoscopies, anesthesia, and safe and proper anesthesia practices, feel free to contact us at the Gastro Center in New Jersey. We are always ready to assist patients in understanding more about their needs and concerns. Contact us today and learn about how we can help you and your upcoming colonoscopy.

The post Colonoscopy Anesthesia: Types, Levels, and Possible Side Effects appeared first on Gastro Center NJ.

from Gastro Center NJ https://gastrocenternj.com/colonoscopy-anesthesia/
via https://gastrocenternj.com

The Difference Between Colon Cancer and Hemorrhoids

At-Home Colon Cancer Screening Tests: What You Need to Know

90% of colon cancer cases in the US are diagnosed in patients 50 years old and older. However, recent studies show a rising incidence of colon cancer in younger adults. Bowel cancer found in ages 20 – 30 rose between 1990 and 2016, increasing as much 7.9% per year between 2004 and 2016 (source).

With various screening options available, logistical and financial barriers no longer stand in the way of getting screened. One of the most popular options is at-home colon cancer screening tests.

But just how effective are they? Colon cancer screening kits can have an accuracy rate of up to 92% with only a 5% chance of false-positives.

With something this affordable and accessible, medical practitioners are hoping to see a consistent drop in mortality rates caused by colon cancer. And with at-home colon cancer screening tests, patients no longer have to go out of their way to get tested.

The Importance Of Colon Cancer Screening

Survival rates of colon cancer patients are significantly higher when the disease is still in a localized stage. Within five-years, patients in this stage have a 90% chance of survival. This gets lower as the cancer spreads throughout the body.

Colon cancer evolves from polyps, which are growths on the lining of the colon. When caught early, these polyps can be removed, preventing them from developing into colon cancer.

Getting screened means patients can avoid and even get cured for colon cancer (source). Dr. John Saltzman, who is a director of endoscopy at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, affirms that: “If you get them at the precancerous phase, they don’t have a chance to grow and turn into cancer.”

Why Choose At-Home Colon Cancer Tests

Despite various options for colon cancer screening, even those at an average to high risk don’t get tested until they start exhibiting progressive symptoms. The reason for this is simple: colonoscopies and other procedures are relatively expensive and require a lot of preparation.

With at-home colon cancer tests, candidates can get screened and tested in the comfort of their own home. Listed below are other advantages of at-home screening:

• With the exception of guaiac fecal occult blood testing (gFOBT), at-home colon cancer tests have no dietary restrictions
• Samples can be conveniently collected at home
• The procedure is non-invasive. There is no need for surgery, rectum insertion, or the injection of dyes
• Bowel cleansing is not required
• Cost is low and affordable, even without the help of medical insurance
• Samples are typically sent or dropped off at the laboratory. There is little to no waiting time required since results are delivered through call or on appointment
• Patients can choose between tests that require doctor prescription and those that are readily available over-the-counter

Do They Work?

At-home screening is normally suggested to be taken alongside colonoscopies and other methods of testing. A study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine suggests that at-home colon cancer screening, specifically the fecal immunochemical test (FIT) may produce more accurate results than a colonoscopy (source).

The lead author notes that the FIT was able to positively identify colon cancer in 75-80% of the individuals. In comparison, colonoscopies are known to have a 95% detection rate.

How do these numbers translate in terms of efficacy? Taking into consideration cost and preparation time, patients are naturally averse towards taking colonoscopies for the simple reason that they take time. On the other hand, at-home colon cancer screening doesn’t pose the same barriers.

Because they are repeatable and affordable, at-risk individuals can test yearly, which further increases its credibility as a screening method.

People with average risk should have a colonoscopy every ten years. It’s important to note that polyps can evolve into colon cancer in 7 to 10 year’s time. But with at-home screening methods such as FIT, among others, patients can test yearly and keep track of their digestive tract health more rigorously.

How Accurate Are Home Colon Cancer Tests?

Depending on the test being taken, the accuracy of at-home CRC screening kits can go up to 90%. When taken alongside other screening methods, at-home testing becomes fool-proof.

Here’s how it usually works:

• Patients who exhibit symptoms such as rectal bleeding, progressive constipation and abdominal cramps, as well as irregular bowel movement may ask their doctors for prescriptions for CRC kits. Note that symptoms are rarely apparent in colon cancer, making anyone eligible for testing even without evident abnormalities
• Your doctor either prescribes a test or you choose one from the pharmacy. We suggest choosing prescription-only tests in order to maximize your resources
• In the case of hemoccult tests, blood that is invisible to the naked eye is detected. While unable to identify polyps, the test can distinguish the presence of blood in the stool. This information helps doctors understand the state of your gastrointestinal health
• On the other hand, stool DNA tests look for abnormal DNA in your stool. Polyps in the colon shed blood and cells, which can become evident in your stool.

Limitations Of At-Home CRC Screening

At-home CRC kits are fully equipped with everything you need to identify either polyps, abnormal cell DNA, or bleeding. We recommend using more than one type to improve the accuracy of your results.

While useful in determining pre-cancer warnings, these are not to be treated as definitive diagnosis for colon cancer. Patients who test positive for at-home screening tests are required to take a colonoscopy in order to reach a conclusive diagnosis.

Even with these limitations, At-home kits remain to be useful and potentially life-saving, especially for individuals who are not aware of existing genetic disorders that may increase their risk of developing colon cancer.  

Vice President of cancer screening at the American Cancer Society, Dr. Robert Smith, even notes that annual at-home testing can be as effective as colonoscopies (source).

How Much Do CRC Tests Cost?

In-house screening methods are the last thing from affordable. Colonoscopies can cost up to $3,000. Meanwhile, sigmoidoscopies range from $900 to $2,000.

In comparison, fecal occult blood tests (FOBT) can go as low as $4 per test. A more “advanced” kind of at-home testing can cost $8 per test. The Cologuard, which is considered to be the most expensive at-home testing kit, retails at $649. However, that price can still vary depending on the patient’s health insurance.

Self-screening kits for CRC are available in pharmacies. These can also be purchased online through Amazon. Consult your doctor for best home colon cancer screening kits available on the market.

Choosing the Right At-Home Colon Cancer Test

There are three kinds of at-home colon cancer tests available for use. These are:

Cologuard: the only FDA-approved stool DNA test

Cost

Cologuard is covered by Medicare, Medicare Advantages, as well as Medicaid in specific states (click here for the complete list). Cologuard is also in partnership with various private insurance companies. Contact your provider to learn more about deductibles and refundables.

Effectivity

Cologuard was able to detect 42% of high-risk precancers and 92% of colon cancers in their study of 10,000 people. The test was also able to detect positive signs of cancer or growth in 13% of people without cancer or precancer.

How to Use

Doctors order Cologuard on your behalf. Once the arrangement is done, expect the test kit to arrive at your doorstep. According to the instructions, only one stool sample is required. No dietary or medication changes are necessary. Ship the sample to your chosen lab, as specified in the instructions. Results are sent back in 2 weeks.

How It Works

Cologuard looks for traces of blood shed by polyps or growth along the colon lining. More importantly, Cologuard is the only at-home screening kit that can identify abnormal DNA just with stool alone.

Guaiac fecal occult blood testing (gFOBT)

Cost

Depending on the brand you choose, gFOBT tests can cost anywhere from $5 to $60.

Effectivity

The gFOBT is known to have reduced colon cancer mortalities by up to 25%.

How To Use

Patients are provided with three test cards. More test cards may be given depending on race, age, and overall risk factor. Separate bowel samples are collected from separate bowel movements. Be wary of adding water or urine to the sample since this may influence test results. Dietary restrictions are also applicable to preserve the accuracy of the results

How It Works

The gFOBT is similar to the FIT in that both tests are able to detect bleeding in the stool. This test uses a chemical indicator that changes in color when blood is present.

Fecal immunochemical test (FIT)

Cost

Depending on the brand you choose, FITs can cost anywhere from $10 to $200.

Effectivity

FIT is commonly preferred over gFOBT, and has been recommended by the American College of Gastroenterology as the better colorectal cancer detection test.

How to Use

No dietary or medical restrictions apply to an FIT. A special device included in the kit is designed to collect the stool onto a collection card. An average of three samples are collected from three separate bowel movements.

How It Works

FIT utilizes antibodies in detecting hemoglobin. If hemoglobin is present, the test can confirm signs of anemia or bleeding in the colon, which can be a sign of early polyp growth.

A Single Swipe Can Save Your Life

Talk to us and learn more about at-home colon cancer screening and on-site testing today.

The post At-Home Colon Cancer Screening Tests: What You Need to Know appeared first on Gastro Center NJ.

from Gastro Center NJ https://gastrocenternj.com/at-home-colon-cancer-screening-tests/
via https://gastrocenternj.com

Your Blood Can Tell If You Have Colon Cancer

Colon cancer is the third most common cancer in the United States. The American Cancer Society predicts the cancer will cause 51,020 deaths in 2019 alone. However, the overall death rate is starting to drop, thanks to more advanced treatments developed over the last decade.

Detecting colon cancer with blood alone may have been an impossibility just a few years ago, but new developments are starting to suggest otherwise. Can blood tests diagnose colon cancer? A new discovery suggests that it may be possible by identifying circulating tumor cells in the blood.

Overall, colon cancer is still a difficult disease to identify, let alone treat. Multiple testing is often required to reach a conclusive diagnosis. But with a proactive attitude towards screening and testing, there are ways to significantly reduce the risk of developing colon cancer.

Am I At Risk of Colon Cancer?

Studies show that early screening for colon cancer not only reduces its occurrence but also improves a person’s overall mortality (source). Screening is the process of identifying colorectal changes in its earliest forms before significant symptoms even appear.

Screening is especially helpful for individuals who have a higher risk of contracting colon cancer for the following reasons:

• Colon cancer is more commonly diagnosed in adults 50 years old and above. Doctors recommend getting screened for cancer yearly
• People of African-American heritage are at a greater risk of developing colon cancer than other races
• Patients with previous histories of benign colon growths or polyps are still at risk of developing colon cancer in the future
• While colon cancer isn’t hereditary, there are some inherited syndromes that can increase your risk of colon cancer. These include the Lynch Syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) to name a few
• Lifestyle factors such as obesity and heavy alcohol and cigarette consumption
• Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
• Type 2 diabetes patients who have a hard time controlling their condition

Polyps and Colon Cancer

An important part of diagnosing colon cancer revolves around the investigation of existing colon polyps in the digestive system. Colon polyps are cell clumps that can be found along the lining of the colon. While most polyps are benign, a small percentage of them are malignant, becoming cancerous over time. On their own, polyps generally do not cause any symptoms, and grow very slowly over time.

Types of Colon Polyps

Polyps can grow in one of two shapes: stalk polyps or flat polyps, also known as pedunculated or sessile.

When a polyp is pedunculated, it grows into a mushroom shape, with a growth projected outwards attached to a long stalk. Polyps that are sessile are more difficult to detect and remove, as they grow flat against the mucous membrane or lining of the colon.

There are five common types of polyps, all of which should be removed during a colonoscopy for thorough testing. Some of them have a higher chance to develop into colon cancer than others. These types include:

1. Adenomatous: A majority of polyps in the colon are the adenomatous type, comprising of roughly around 70% of detected polyps. Most malignant or cancerous types of polyps start as adenomatous growths. With regular screening, doctors can discover malignant polyps before they evolve into colon cancer.
2. Villous Adenoma: Around 15% of polyps found in the colon are villous adenoma. Though few, they have a higher chance of evolving into cancer compared to other types of polyps. They are difficult to remove from the colon as they are sessile, meaning they are nearly flat along the lining of the colon.
3. Hyperplastic: Hyperplastic polyps are small and common, and carry a low risk of becoming cancerous. These are a kind of serrated polyp, but doctors typically test and remove them in case they are cancerous.
4. Polyps from inflammatory disorders: When patients have inflammatory bowel disease, they can develop what is known as inflammatory polyps. They are not polyps in the same sense as other kinds of polyps; rather, they are cell clumps that grew as a reaction to the colon’s long-term inflammation. These polyps are benign and have no chance of becoming colon cancer.
5. Serrated: Hyperplastic polyps are a type of serrated polyps. However, there are also bigger serrated polyps that have a higher chance of becoming cancerous. While hyperplastic polyps are generally benign, bigger serrated polyps are more likely to be precancerous.

Why Polyps Bleed, and Other Polyp Symptoms

Most polyps display no symptoms, and can exist in the colon for years, if not decades, undetected. However, there are cases when a candidate for colon cancer finds themselves with blood in their stool. This can be caused by a bleeding polyp, which is generally produced by larger growths along the colon lining:

Other symptoms of polyps include:

• Darkening or reddening color of the stool
• Pain in the abdomen, which is caused by large polyps partially blocking the bowel, making it difficult for the stool to pass
• Anemia caused by iron deficiency, as the chronic bleeding in the stool takes away the iron the body needs for proper oxygen transportation in the body

Are Bleeding Polyps Cancerous?

While there is no direct causation between bleeding polyps and developing colon cancer, we can safely say that bleeding polyps usually occur amongst larger polyps, and larger polyps are more likely to become cancerous.

If you believe that blood in your stool or your abdominal pain may be connected to bleeding polyps, then it is best to see your doctor for a colonoscopy.

Bleeding and Bowels: Hemorrhoid or Colon Cancer?

The presence of blood in the stool is commonly perceived as a telling sign of colon cancer. However, this can signal general problems in the rectum which may not necessarily be related to colon cancer. A good example of which is hemorrhoids.

Hemorrhoids VS Colon Cancer: What’s the Difference?

Hemorrhoids are swollen tissues that have formed in the rectal area. These can occur either inside or outside the anus. Hemorrhoids are caused by straining, a low fiber diet, constipation, and aging.

On the other hand, colon cancer is characterized as abnormal growths on the lining of the colon. When cells deviate from their natural grow-divide-die cycle, they can increase in size and even multiply. When left untreated, polyps can evolve into cancer.

Colon cancer also invades nearby lymph nodes. When blood from the intestine is carried to the liver, colon cancer may spread to the liver once it has targeted nearby lymph nodes.

Why Is There Blood In the Stool?

Rectal bleeding is a symptom common to both colon cancer and hemorrhoids. In the case of hemorrhoids, bleeding occurs when hard stool presses against the swollen hemorrhoid, causing it to bleed.

Similarly, patients with colon cancer also report rectal bleeding. Cancerous polyps tend to bleed more than healthy tissue, resulting in the presence of blood in the feces.

Unlike colon cancer, discomfort and bleeding usually go away in hemorrhoids cases after a couple of weeks. Symptoms persisting or worsening could be indicative of polyps in your colon.

Other Conditions That Cause Bleeding

Not all bleeding is caused by hemorrhoids or colon cancer. Consider the following possibilities the next time you observe blood in your stool:

1. Inflammation from syndromes and diseases. Conditions such as Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and ulcerative colitis can all cause blood in the stool.
2. Bacteria causing bowel infections. Bacteria such as E.coli, Cholera, and Salmonella, along with other common stomach bugs, can cause bloody diarrhea. Soft bloody stool is usually accompanied by intense abdominal cramps. Pain can only be alleviated through antibiotic treatment.
3. Large bowels and constipation. Struggling to pass bowels can lead to uncomfortable anal fissures. Common causes include a low-fiber diet and not drinking enough water. A lack of exercise has also been proven to contribute in uncomfortable bowel movements.

Signs You Have Colon Cancer

Rectal bleeding is not the sole sign of colon cancer. In fact, symptoms exhibited by patients may vary. Below are the most common signs of colon cancer:

• A constant change in bowel movement including diarrhea and constipation
• Change in stool consistency
• Cramping, gas, and other forms of pain
• Consistent and progressive abdominal discomfort
• Fatigue and breathlessness
• Unprecedented weight loss
• Feeling bloated
• Inability to pass gas

The presence of blood in the stool is interpreted as an alarming sign of colon cancer. However, that alone is not a conclusive proof of colon cancer. Doctors usually require further testing to clearly establish the cause of the bleeding.

On the other hand, experiencing abnormal bleeding accompanied with one or more of the symptoms above require urgent medical attention. Various tests are available in order to rule out colon cancer.

Do Colon Cancer Patients Always Experience Bleeding?

Contrary to popular belief, colon cancer patients don’t always experience rectal bleeding. This type of cancer spreads slowly and will not produce symptoms for a long time. Symptoms also vary depending on the location and progression of the disease.

One of the biggest myths surrounding colon cancer is the understanding that patients will inevitably exhibit symptoms. However, Dr. Emina Huang (source) from the University of Michigan Medical School affirms that “…the most common symptom is no symptoms at all”.

This is why tests like the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) exist. It is precisely because not all bleeding is visible to the naked eye. Tests like these look for subtle but significant signs of abnormality in your colon and liver, which can help identify colon cancer at its very early stages.

As discussed above, rectal bleeding may very well be symptomatic of other problems in your gastrointestinal system. Either way, we recommend getting screened in order to eliminate the possibilities of colon cancer.

Bright Red Blood: A Sign of Colon Cancer?

Blood in the stool is commonly a sign of hemorrhoids, not colon cancer. As the stool passes along, the swollen tissue may obstruct the stool, causing the hemorrhoid to rupture and bleed. The blood is usually bright red in color and watery in consistency.

On the other hand, bleeding from colon cancer is typically described as darker in appearance. Stool ranging from maroon to tar-like can be a sign of colon abnormalities. This is because the blood is produced higher up in the colon and is “less fresh” than one from a hemorrhoid rupture.

Again, it’s impossible to accurately diagnose colon cancer from the color of the stool alone. We recommend a proper examination to really understand your state of health.

Is It Common to See Blood In the Urine?

No. The presence of blood in the urine is usually a sign of bladder cancer, not colon cancer. If you suspect having or have been diagnosed with colon cancer but observe blood in your urine, this might be a sign of further complications not related to your colon.

Bladder cancer can be identified through various urine tests, one of them being cytology. Frequent urination, pain during urination, and the inability to pass urine are all signs of bladder cancer.

The Clue Is In Your Blood

Blood picks up chemicals, cells, and other elements as it flows from one part of the body to the other. Blood work offers clues regarding your general health, providing an insight into abnormal functions in the body.

Colon Cancer and White Blood Cell Count

White blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and are easily detectable in blood tests. A specific type of white blood cell called the neutrophil is responsible for warding off infections and destroying harmful cells.

The normal neutrophil count is 1,000/1 microliter. A deficiency in neutrophils is called neutropenia. This is caused by severe infections that are too invasive

On the other hand, neutrophil production can also be stalled by the presence of cancer. Cancer treatments can also affect neutrophil count due to radiation exposure. Keeping track of your neutrophil count can help you understand how your body works.

Red Blood Cell Count and Bleeding Polyps

Blood tests look at hemoglobin levels in red blood cells. This protein is responsible for bringing fresh oxygen into the blood and transporting it throughout the body. A dysfunction in red blood cells is called anemia.

Anemic people have symptoms such as:

• Fatigue
• Paleness
• Chest pain
• Dizziness and sporadic headaches
• Difficulty breathing
• Heart palpitations

Anemia is caused by multiple abnormalities, including cancer itself. Bleeding polyps can worsen over time. When this happens, the survival rate of patients with cancer are threatened. Anemia deprives the body of fresh oxygen, which in turn affects the body’s capability to cope with cancer treatments.

Blood Testing and Colon Cancer

It’s common for those getting screened for colon cancer for the first time to expect a thorough blood test to rule out the possibility of colon cancer. However, blood tests aren’t the be-all and end-all test. Additional examination is required if results come out positive from a blood test.

Can a Blood Test Detect Colon Cancer?

Colon cancer can’t be directly identified from your blood alone. Blood tests are usually supplementary tests performed by doctors to understand your overall health. Trace elements from carcinogens can appear in your blood test results, which inform doctors about abnormalities in your body.

The common blood tests performed to detect colon cancer are:

Fecal occult blood test (FOBT). Occult blood is blood that is invisible to the naked eye. A sample of your stool is studied to check for problems in the digestive tract. Positive results don’t necessarily mean colon cancer; benign tumors, ulcers, and other conditions concerning the digestive tract may also cause results to come back positive.

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The CEA is less of a test and more of a trace element. Cancerous cells sometimes produce this chemical in the blood. Doctors usually track the level of CEA in a patient’s body over a long period of time. This helps them understand how colon cancer is progressing in the body. Treatment efficacy is also based on long-term CEA levels.

The Future of Blood Testing

As mentioned, blood tests aren’t typically considered as stand-alone methods of diagnosis for colon cancer. However, recent findings suggest otherwise.

New research suggests that blood tests can finally be used to find colon cancer, catching it even in its early stage (source). This experiment was conducted in a hospital in Taoyuan, Taiwan where 620 participants were tested for CTCs or circulating tumor cells.

The blood sample is analyzed with a blood assay called CMX. The results were able to distinguish CTCs present in the blood, which is useful in identifying people with both precancerous polyps and existing colon cancer.

How accurate is this new blood test for colon cancer? The results came back with an 84-88% accuracy, with false positives only coming back at less than 3%. These numbers are significantly better than FOBT, which is the standard method for detecting colon cancer.

Significance and Possible Application

Discoveries like this are pivotal because they allow for earlier detection and treatment. When it comes to most types of cancer, early detection is the key to treating it successfully.

Patients diagnosed with a localized stage colon cancer have a 90% chance of survival within five years (source). That drops to 71% after cancer has spread to neighboring organs and systems. It drops to 14% once it spreads to farther parts of the body.

With technology this accurate, doctors can gain a better insight into the development of colon cancer. More importantly, colon cancer mortality rates will drop significantly in the future, thanks to the possibility of early detection.

For patients, this translates to more affordable and comfortable methods of screening. As lead author doctor Wen-Sy Tsai notes, “There is still some reticence among patients to use stool-based tests or have an invasive exam like colonoscopy to detect colorectal cancer. Our results may point to a solution.” (source)

Other Tests

1. Sigmoidoscopy

A sigmoidoscopy is a close inspection of the sigmoid colon. This is connected to the anus through the rectum. A flexible tube with a light attached at the end is inserted into your anus. The camera attached is used to look for polyps. Sigmoidoscopy has been proven to significantly reduce mortality by detecting polyps in the distal colon.

2. Colonoscopy

A colonoscopy is similar to a sigmoidoscopy in that a small, camera-enabled tube is inserted into your rectum for examination. However, colonoscopies are usually performed to observe the entire colon. Tissue samples may also be taken during a colonoscopy for further study.

3. Virtual Colonoscopy

Virtual colonoscopies don’t involve physical insertion. Also called a computed tomography colonography, this procedure uses a special x-ray machine to examine the colon for polyps. A small of gas is introduced to your colon through the rectum, and CT images are taken to detect polyps.

Preparing For a Fecal Occult Blood Test

Although performed at home, some preparation is necessary for successful testing. Certain medications and foods can affect the results of the FOBT. As such, it’s important to follow common guidelines to ensure accurate results:

• Consult your doctor regarding the special diet. Certain foods affect test results, which is why it’s important to know foods that are permissible to eat. Raw fruits and vegetables are generally a no-go. Red meat such as beef and pork are usually banned by doctors for up to 72 hours before the test because blood in the meat may cause a false positive result
• Citric foods rich in Vitamin C may also alter the test. Stay away from foods and beverages with high vitamin C content
• Certain medication may interfere with the exam. Your doctor will put certain medicines on hold up to 72 hours before the exam

Different Kinds of FOBT

There are two main types of FOBT:

Guaiac Smear Test (gFOBT)

• Collect three different samples from separate bowel movements
• Swab the stool and store it in the given container. Ensure that it doesn’t get in contact with urine or water
• Label your samples, as per the instruction
• Submit your results for testing

Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT)

• Collect three different samples from separate bowel movements
• A special device will be included in your kit. Use this to collect the sample
• Swab the sample onto a test card, or any container provided on your kit
• Label your samples, as per the instruction
• Submit your results for testing

Remember: Early detection is the best way to fight colon cancer.

Get screened for colon polyps today.

Schedule an appointment at Gastro Center NJ.

The post Your Blood Can Tell If You Have Colon Cancer appeared first on Gastro Center NJ.

from Gastro Center NJ https://gastrocenternj.com/blood-colon-cancer/
via https://gastrocenternj.com

How To Gain Weight Even If You’re Suffering From Colon Cancer

Weight loss is an inevitable part of fighting colon cancer. Exposure to treatment forces your body to adapt and produce symptoms that make eating a lot less appealing. But with the right approach towards weight gain, you can build up the strength to successfully complete your treatment while maintaining your weight.

So how do you gain weight as a colon cancer patient? Adjust your food intake and maximize your calorie and nutrition density with every meal. Tricking your metabolism by eating smaller meals more frequently, drinking calorie-dense shakes, and avoiding fatty and sugary foods are surefire ways to jumpstart the weight gain train.

Not sure where to start? Read on to learn about colon cancer weight loss, and how to prevent it from happening.

Why Do Colon Cancer Patients Lose Weight?

Your exposure to radiation, medication, and sometimes even stress alone, will have negative effects on your appetite. Let’s take a closer look at the changes happening in your body:

1. Overproduction of Cytokines

Cytokines are proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins that are released in the immune system. They are a group of molecules that help regulate inflammation, infection, and injury. Think of cytokines as radio signals that help alert the body for when something goes wrong.

The overproduction of cytokines can lead to a decrease in appetite. When left untreated, this leads to rapid weight loss and muscle loss.

2. Treatment Side Effects

Loss of appetite is a common side effect of chemotherapy. On top of that, patients will usually experience fatigue, nausea, constipation, vomiting, as well as mouth and throat problems, all of which make it difficult for the patient to enjoy or even consume food.

Chemotherapy and Gaining Weight

40% of patients report unexpected weight loss after their initial diagnosis, while 80% of those in more advanced stages of cancer report rapid weight and muscle loss. While common, the actual cause of weight loss isn’t always the same.

Consider the following factors when identifying the main cause of appetite loss:

• Is the patient experiencing any discomfort (mouth sores, throat irritation, tongue inflammation) that may physically prevent him or her from eating?
• Consider serving meals at different sizes and frequencies. Some patients will respond best to smaller meals served 7-8 times a day, while others might prefer 4 big meals a day.
• Is the diet comprised of stale, bland food? Are there healthy oils and fat that can help maximize every meal’s calorie count?
• Does the patient maintain a normal relationship with food? Is the patient feeling obligated or unsupported because of his or her lack of appetite?

Understanding the cause of appetite loss makes it easier to find a solution. For instance, patients experiencing mouth sores can be treated with antibiotics to help reduce inflammation. On the other hand, those who have lost their sense of taste can benefit from drinking their calories in the form of milkshakes and soft foods.

Gaining weight as a colon cancer patient isn’t a straightforward process. Knowing how various factors affect eating habits can pave the way for a long-term solution.

Maximizing the Colon Cancer Chemo Diet

Making sure that a patient undergoing chemotherapy is getting enough nutrition is one of the biggest challenges that caretakers face.

As mentioned above, chemo patients face a number of challenges when it comes to eating food. The key towards maintaining and gaining weight is by maximizing taste while loading up on nutrients.

Here are three ways caretakers can help to maximize the diet of their colon cancer chemotherapy patient:

1) Smoothies and Milkshakes: Caloric Weight Gain

Introducing high-calorie meals is the prime aspect of weight gain. Milkshakes are usually considered junk foods for their high protein and fat content, but to colon cancer patients they are the perfect superfoods. Here are ways you can make milkshakes extra nutritious:

• Swap skim milk with full fat, soy, or nut-based milk
• Instead of using sugar to add flavor, use natural sweeteners like honey or vanilla extract
• Incorporate foods with healthy oils such as avocado, nut butter, and yogurt
• Give it an interesting texture by adding in biscuits, cereals, and protein bars

Toss in fruits and vegetables to turn your milkshakes into nutrient-packed smoothies. Choose fruits and vegetables high in fiber to help alleviate indigestion. We suggest freezing your apples, bananas, and berries overnight before adding them to the blender so you don’t water down your smoothie with ice.

Dietician and epidemiologist Suzanne Dixon suggests putting in a scoop of powder to maintain a daily high protein consumption: “Throw in a protein powder, just a basic whey protein. Anything like that would be great. And just blenderize that all up, and you can kind of sip on it all day.”

Here’s a basic smoothie recipe that you can customize endlessly. Add ingredients according to your own taste:

Smoothie With Real Fruits

1 cup your choice of milk
½ cup vanilla ice cream
¼ cup mangoes
¼ oranges
⅛ teaspoon vanilla extract

2) Eggs: Colon Cancer Nutrient Bombs

With taste being a serious issue for patients undergoing chemotherapy, eggs are a great way to alter the taste of most dishes while adding loads of nutrition with every bite. While eggs are generally seen as a breakfast food, they can also be added to meals all throughout the day.

Their soft texture makes them an easy dish to chew and swallow, which is doubly important for colon cancer patients who are experiencing pain in their mouth and throat. Eggs can be cooked in a dozen different ways, making them an easy ingredient to recreate.

Eggs also provide the following nutrients:

• B vitamins: B vitamins assist the body in food-to-energy conversion, which is crucial during times of small meals and portions. Eggs also help cell health by supplying them with antioxidants.
• Choline: Choline assists with overall cell health, strengthening their structure, metabolism, and general function. A single egg provides 20% of the body’s required choline needs.
• Protein: Protein is one of the most important daily nutrients, but it can be difficult to reach the recommended daily protein intake for patients finding it difficult to chew, as protein is mainly concentrated in meats like chicken, beef, and fish. However, a single egg provides 12% of our daily protein needs.

3) General Tips For Taste

Some patients note a metallic aftertaste in their food, while others report having no sense of taste at all. Although temporary, losing your sense of taste can make it difficult for patients to gain the strength they need for immediate recovery.

These problems can be solved by doing through the following:

• Replace metallic cutlery with plastic ones
• Marinate your meats with highly citric condiments. Use lemon juice, vinegar, or pickled foods
• Regular brushing can help make food taste better. Rinse with mouthwash or a mix of 1 teaspoon of salt with 1 teaspoon of baking soda in 4 cups of water
• Serve food at room temperature to make food more palatable
• Use sweeteners to counter saltiness and bitterness; lemon juice or salt to counter sweetness
• Experiment with different sauces and spices

What Foods to Avoid With Colon Cancer

As important as it is to maintain a proper diet with calorie-heavy and nutrition-filled food, it is also crucial to avoid foods that can increase the risk of negative treatment outcomes. These include:

• Fried food: Greasy fast and fried food is difficult for the body to process, especially while suffering from colon cancer. The longer it stays in the body, the likelier it is for the patient to suffer from acid reflux. Greasy food can also help trigger chemotherapy side effects, such as diarrhea and vomiting.
• Caffeine: Caffeine is difficult to swallow for colon cancer patients and can also lead to heartburn. Like greasy food, caffeine also aggravates chemotherapy side effects like diarrhea and nausea.
• Processed meat: Processed meat was recently classified as a carcinogen by the World Health Organization, due to the potential unfriendly chemicals in various cold cuts that specifically damage the colon’s outer lining.
• Alcoholic beverages: Aside from the usual heartburn and acid reflux associated with it, alcohol can also negatively interact with any pain medication, while causing throat pain and mouth dryness.
• High sugar food: Sweet desserts like cake or ice cream, or sugary drinks such as sodas and iced tea add very little nutritional value to the body.

Preventing Colon Cancer Recurrence With Food

For patients who have beaten colon cancer and are on the road to recovery, it is crucial that they maintain a conscious and healthy relationship with their diet. The American Cancer Society heavily recommends their cancer prevention nutrition guidelines to all cancer survivors to give them the best chance at preventing cancer recurrence.

Thankfully, incorporating these guidelines in a daily meal plan isn’t very difficult. Here are the three main guidelines:

• Consume at least 2.5 cups of fruits and vegetables daily
• Limit consumption of processed meats and red meat (ideally one meal every two days)
• Choose whole grains over refined grains

Overweight colon cancer survivors should work towards cutting down on their weight with better nutrition and an exercise plan. And finally, alcohol is linked to a variety of cancers. If you must, limit your alcohol consumption to 1-2 drinks per day.

The post How To Gain Weight Even If You’re Suffering From Colon Cancer appeared first on Gastro Center NJ.

from Gastro Center NJ https://gastrocenternj.com/how-to-gain-weight-colon-cancer/
via https://gastrocenternj.com